![]() Understanding the soft tissue composition of modern species can aid in understanding changes in musculoskeletal features through evolution, including those pertaining to locomotion. The absence of preserved soft tissues in the fossil record is frequently a hindrance for palaeontologists wishing to investigate morphological shifts in key skeletal systems, such as the limbs. During yaw and pitch movement, it moves the fluid towards the same direction as the submarine turns, which subsequently assists in generating additional torque during the turning. It assists in crossflow separation and moves the fluid away from the body of the submarine. The numerical analysis and experiments reveal that the use of bristled shark skin vortex generator in the lateral side of submarine reduces the drag drastically in linear, yaw and pitch movements of the submarine. ![]() Further wind tunnel experiments are conducted to validate the numerical simulation results. ![]() The analysis is carried out for linear movement, 30° yaw movement and 30° pitch movement of the submarine. The effect of using biologically inspired vortex generator on hydrodynamic behaviour of submarine is studied through Computational Fluid Dynamic analysis. The conventional vortex generator is delta wing shaped which unbaled to generate vortices efficiently. This research attempts to use bristled shark skin vortex generator to control the fluid around the submarine and to reduce drag during operation of submarine. Understanding elasmobranch–microbiome interactions is critical for predicting how sharks and rays respond to a changing ocean and for managing healthy populations in managed care.įluid flow control is vital in submarine operations to prevent drag of crossflow separation and boundary layer separation. We argue for prioritizing research to determine how microbiomes interact mechanistically with the unique physiology of elasmobranchs, potentially identifying roles in host immunity, disease, nutrition, and waste processing. We identify major bacterial lineages in the microbiome, challenges to the field, key unanswered questions, and avenues for future work. Here, we review the burgeoning efforts to understand elasmobranch microbiomes, highlighting microbiome variation among gastrointestinal, oral, skin, and blood-associated niches. Research to understand elasmobranch ecology and conservation is critical and has now begun to explore the role of body-associated microbiomes in shaping elasmobranch health. These globally important fishes are experiencing sharp population declines as a result of human activity in the oceans. ![]() Future studies will focus on determining the relationship between denticle morphology and water flow by visualizing fluid motion over interbranchial denticles during in vivo respiration.Įlasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays) are of broad ecological, economic, and societal value. These data suggest two hypotheses: (1) smoother-edged leading edge denticles protect the previous gill flap from abrasion during respiration, and (2) ridged denticle morphology at the trailing edge might alter water turbulence exiting branchial pouches after passing over the gills. Overall, leading edge denticles were smoother-edged than trailing edge denticles in all of the species studied. Surface skew was also higher in leading edge denticles (P = 0.009), though most values were still negative, indicating a surface texture more dominated by valleys than peaks. Across all species studied, there were significant differences in denticle length (P = 0.01) and width (P = 0.002), with shorter and wider leading edge denticles compared with trailing edge denticles. We show that (1) interbranchial skin denticles differ across shark species, and (2) denticles on the leading edge of the skin covering each gill pouch have different morphology and surface topography compared with denticles on the trailing edge. Previous studies have demonstrated differences in denticle morphology both among species and across different body regions within a species, including one report of extreme morphological variation within a 1 cm distance on the skin covering the branchial pouches, a region termed “interbranchial skin.” We used gel-based profilometry, histology, and scanning electron microscopy to quantify differences in denticle morphology and surface topography of interbranchial skin denticles among 13 species of sharks to better understand the surface structure of this region. Shark skin is covered in dermal denticles-tooth-like structures consisting of enameloid, dentine, and a central pulp cavity.
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